| Emergy Flows of the United States in 1983 |
| Note |
Item with units for next 2 columns |
Raw Units |
Transformity per unit |
Solar Emergy X |
Em$ (1983 US $) X |
Dollars X |
| |
|
|
|
1.00E+22 |
1.00E+09 |
1.00E+09 |
| Renewable Sources |
| 1 |
Sunlight (J) |
4.48E+22 |
1 |
4.48 |
18.73 |
|
| 2 |
Rain, chemical (J) |
4.18E+19 |
15,444 |
64.48 |
269.53 |
|
| 3 |
Rain, geopotential (J) |
6.33E+19 |
8,888 |
56.22 |
235.01 |
|
| 4 |
Wind, kinetic (J) |
1.63E+20 |
663 |
10.82 |
45.22 |
|
| 5 |
Waves (J) |
1.09E+19 |
25,889 |
28.24 |
118.05 |
|
| 6 |
Tide (J) |
7.64E+18 |
23,564 |
18.01 |
75.29 |
|
| 7 |
River Water |
|
|
|
|
|
| 8 |
Earth Cycle (J) |
1.36E+19 |
29,000 |
39.53 |
165.22 |
|
| 9 |
Hydroelectricity (J) |
1.20E+18 |
159,000 |
19.04 |
79.56 |
|
| 10 |
Wood Consumption (J) |
4.41E+18 |
34,900 |
15.39 |
64.33 |
|
| Imports and Outside Sources |
| 11 |
Natural Gas (J) |
1.02E+18 |
48,000 |
4.90 |
20.48 |
4.31 |
| 12 |
Oil, crude (J) |
7.64E+18 |
53,000 |
40.48 |
169.21 |
35.14 |
| 13 |
Petroleum products (J) |
3.95E+18 |
66,000 |
26.07 |
108.95 |
18.17 |
| 14 |
Iron and steel products (Ton) |
1.78E+07 |
1.78E+15 |
3.17 |
13.24 |
7.10 |
| 15 |
Iron ore (g) |
1.32E+13 |
8.55E+08 |
1.13 |
4.72 |
0.45 |
| 16 |
Aluminum ore (bauxite) (g) |
7.50E+12 |
8.50E+08 |
0.64 |
2.66 |
0.22 |
| 17 |
Goods and services ($) |
3.65E+11 |
3.8E+12 |
138.70 |
579.74 |
365.00 |
| Nonrenewable Sources from Within U.S.A. |
| 18 |
Iron-ore production (g) |
3.76E+13 |
8.55E+08 |
3.21 |
13.44 |
|
| 19 |
Coal production (J) |
2.50E+19 |
39,800 |
99.35 |
415.28 |
|
| 20 |
Coal consumption (J) |
2.34E+19 |
39,800 |
93.24 |
389.71 |
|
| 21 |
Oil production (J) |
2.36E+19 |
53,000 |
125.15 |
523.10 |
|
| 22 |
Oil consumption (J) |
3.49E+19 |
53,000 |
185.02 |
773.37 |
|
| 23 |
Natural-gas production (J) |
1.72E+19 |
48,000 |
82.46 |
344.69 |
|
| 24 |
Natural-gas use (J) |
1.83E+19 |
48,000 |
88.03 |
367.95 |
|
| 25 |
Uranium production (J) |
6.51E+18 |
1,790 |
1.17 |
4.87 |
|
| 26 |
Electricity use (J) |
8.33E+18 |
159,000 |
132.44 |
553.60 |
|
| 27 |
Nuclear electric use (J) |
1.06E+18 |
159,000 |
16.86 |
70.46 |
|
| 28 |
Phosphate fertilizer production (g) |
2.84E+12 |
2.00E+10 |
5.68 |
23.72 |
|
| 29 |
Phosphate rock production (g) |
1.15E+13 |
1.40E+10 |
16.13 |
67.40 |
|
| 30 |
Bauxite production (g) |
8.00E+11 |
8.55E+08 |
0.07 |
0.29 |
|
| 31 |
Bauxite consumption (g) |
8.80E+12 |
8.55E+08 |
0.75 |
3.14 |
|
| 32 |
Earth loss (g) |
5.87E+14 |
1.71E+09 |
100.38 |
419.56 |
|
| 33 |
Net loss of topsoil (J) |
2.10E+18 |
62,500 |
13.13 |
54.86 |
|
| Exports and Other flows |
| 34 |
Oil (J) |
3.76E+17 |
53,000 |
1.99 |
8.33 |
1.74 |
| 35 |
Petroleum products (J) |
1.32E+18 |
66,000 |
8.70 |
36.38 |
6.09 |
| 36 |
Coal (J) |
2.47E+18 |
39,800 |
9.85 |
41.16 |
2.76 |
| 37 |
Corn (J) |
1.89E+17 |
68,000 |
1.28 |
5.36 |
6.50 |
| 38 |
Iron and steel products (Ton) |
1.40E+06 |
1.78E+15 |
0.25 |
1.04 |
1.60 |
| 39 |
Phosphate rock production (Ton) |
3.46E+06 |
1.41E+16 |
4.87 |
20.37 |
0.33 |
| 40 |
Phosphate fertilizer production (Ton) |
2.18E+06 |
2.00E+16 |
4.36 |
18.21 |
0.89 |
| 41 |
Wood (J) |
1.41E+18 |
34,900 |
4.93 |
20.61 |
2.88 |
| 42 |
Nitrogen Products (Ton) |
6.75E+06 |
4.19E+15 |
2.83 |
11.82 |
1.05 |
| 43 |
Goods and services ($) |
3.32E+11 |
2.39E+12 |
79.43 |
332.00 |
332.00 |
| Dollar Flows |
| 44 |
Gross National Product ($) |
3.31E+12 |
2.39E+12 |
790.70 |
3305.00 |
3305.00 |
| 45 |
US assets abroad ($) |
4.95E+10 |
2.39E+12 |
11.84 |
49.50 |
49.50 |
| 46 |
Foreign assets in US ($) |
8.17E+10 |
2.39E+12 |
19.55 |
81.70 |
81.70 |
 Three
main renewable emergy sources derive from the earth cycle, the sun, and
the moon. The chemical value for rain is the largest and thus to avoid
double counting contains within its emergy the lesser solar related phenomena,
such as wind and waves. Tide contains the emergy value for the influence
of the moon; earth loss and topsoil production reflect the emergy value
for the uplifting of the continents. Note the low transformity value
for uranium #25, and the high em$ value for phosphate rock in relation
to the received dollars.#39.
|
| |
Rows of column 5 or 7 that were added to derive --> |
Emergy flow of |
Transformity |
Solar emergy (x 1E+22 sej/yr) |
|
Dollars (x 1E+09) |
| R |
2 +6 |
renewable sources used |
|
82.50 |
|
|
| N0 |
32 +33 -10 |
dispersed rural sources |
|
98.11 |
|
|
| N1 |
22 +20 +24 +27 +9 +((28 -39) +(29 -40)) +15 +18 +31 |
concentrated use |
|
419.85 |
|
|
| N2 |
34 +35 +36 +39 |
exported without use |
|
25.42 |
|
10.91 |
| N |
N0 +N1 +N2 |
total nonrenewable indigenous sources |
|
543.38 |
|
|
| F |
11 +12 +13 +15 +16 |
imported fuels and minerals |
|
73.21 |
|
58.28 |
| G |
14 |
imported goods, iron and steel |
|
3.17 |
|
7.10 |
| I |
17 |
dollars paid for imports |
|
|
|
365.00 |
| P2I |
P2 * I |
Emergy value of goods and services imports |
|
138.70 |
|
|
| I3 |
I -F -G |
dollars paid for imports minus dollar in goods (G) and minerals and fuels
(F) |
|
|
|
299.62 |
| P2I3 |
I3 * P2 |
Imported services minus those in F and G |
|
113.86 |
|
|
| E |
43 |
dollars paid for exports |
|
|
|
332.00 |
| P1E |
E * P1 |
Emergy value of goods and services exported |
|
79.43 |
|
|
| B |
40 +37 +38 +42 +41 |
Exported products transformed within country |
|
13.65 |
|
12.92 |
| E3 |
E -B -N2 |
dollars paid for exports minus dollars in goods (B) and raw exports (N2) |
|
|
|
308.17 |
| P1E3 |
E3 * P1 |
Exported Services |
|
73.73 |
|
|
| X |
44 |
Gross National Product |
|
|
|
3305.00 |
| U |
N0 +N1 +R +F +G +P2I3 |
Total emergy use |
|
790.70 |
|
|
| P1 |
U/X |
Emergy/$ ratio of exports sej/$ |
2.39E+12 |
|
|
|
| P2 |
given as 3.8E+12 |
Emergy/$ ratio of imports sej/$ |
3.80E+12 |
|
|
|
| P? |
sun +tide +earth-heat +stored resources & reserves; divided by Gross
World Economic Product |
Global emergy/$ ratio pg 207 |
2.00E+12 |
|
|
|
 Below
is derivation of adjusting constants for annual calculation of U.S. emergy/$
ratio based upon total fuel use, using 1.165 to factor all transformity
products other than tidal emergy, which was thus incorporated. |
| |
Rows of column 5 or 7 that were added to derive --> |
Emergy flow of |
|
Solar emergy (sej/yr) |
|
|
| B.1 |
(3 * 1.165) +6 |
renewable emergy as per pg. 315, chemical rain * adjusting factor plus
tide |
|
8.35E+23 |
|
|
| B.2 |
32 +33 |
soil loss as per pg. 315 |
|
1.14E+24 |
|
|
| B.3 |
(32 +33) * 1.165 |
soil loss * adjusting factor |
|
1.32E+24 |
|
|
| B. |
B.1 +B.3 |
Renewable emergy + soil loss |
|
2.16E+24 |
|
|
| C.1 |
6 +((n0 +n1 +2 +F +G +P2I3) * 1.165) |
total solar emergy (U)se as per page 199 * adjusting factor, tide separated |
|
9.18E+24 |
|
|
| C1a |
6 +((n +2 +F +G +P2I3) * 1.165) |
total solar emergy inflows as per page 199 * adjusting factor, tide separated |
|
9.48E+24 |
|
|
| C.2 |
20 +22 +24 +11 +12 +13 |
fuel use in 1983 as per pg 315 |
|
4.38E+24 |
|
|
| C.3 |
C.2 * 1.165 |
fuel use in 1983 * adjusting factor |
|
5.10E+24 |
|
|
| C. |
C.1 -B.4 -C.3 |
adjusted total use minus adjusted renewables, soil loss and fuel use |
|
1.92E+24 |
|
|
| C.a |
C.1a -B.4 -C.3 |
adjusted total flows minus adjusted renewables, soil loss and fuel use |
|
2.22E+24 |
|
|
| |
B. +C. |
total adjustment constant based on (U)se |
|
4.08E+24 |
|
|
| |
C.a +B. |
total adjustment constant based on total emergy flows |
|
4.38E+24 |
|
|